65 research outputs found
Nonconvex Distributed Feedback Optimization for Aggregative Cooperative Robotics
Distributed aggregative optimization is a recently emerged framework in which
the agents of a network want to minimize the sum of local objective functions,
each one depending on the agent decision variable (e.g., the local position of
a team of robots) and an aggregation of all the agents' variables (e.g., the
team barycentre). In this paper, we address a distributed feedback optimization
framework in which agents implement a local (distributed) policy to reach a
steady-state minimizing an aggregative cost function. We propose Aggregative
Tracking Feedback, i.e., a novel distributed feedback optimization law in which
each agent combines a closed-loop gradient flow with a consensus-based dynamic
compensator reconstructing the missing global information. By using tools from
system theory, we prove that Aggregative Tracking Feedback steers the network
to a stationary point of an aggregative optimization problem with (possibly)
nonconvex objective function. The effectiveness of the proposed method is
validated through numerical simulations on a multi-robot surveillance scenario
A Tutorial on Distributed Optimization for Cooperative Robotics: from Setups and Algorithms to Toolboxes and Research Directions
Several interesting problems in multi-robot systems can be cast in the
framework of distributed optimization. Examples include multi-robot task
allocation, vehicle routing, target protection and surveillance. While the
theoretical analysis of distributed optimization algorithms has received
significant attention, its application to cooperative robotics has not been
investigated in detail. In this paper, we show how notable scenarios in
cooperative robotics can be addressed by suitable distributed optimization
setups. Specifically, after a brief introduction on the widely investigated
consensus optimization (most suited for data analytics) and on the
partition-based setup (matching the graph structure in the optimization), we
focus on two distributed settings modeling several scenarios in cooperative
robotics, i.e., the so-called constraint-coupled and aggregative optimization
frameworks. For each one, we consider use-case applications, and we discuss
tailored distributed algorithms with their convergence properties. Then, we
revise state-of-the-art toolboxes allowing for the implementation of
distributed schemes on real networks of robots without central coordinators.
For each use case, we discuss their implementation in these toolboxes and
provide simulations and real experiments on networks of heterogeneous robots
Distributed Online Optimization via Gradient Tracking with Adaptive Momentum
This paper deals with a network of computing agents aiming to solve an online
optimization problem in a distributed fashion, i.e., by means of local
computation and communication, without any central coordinator. We propose the
gradient tracking with adaptive momentum estimation (GTAdam) distributed
algorithm, which combines a gradient tracking mechanism with first and second
order momentum estimates of the gradient. The algorithm is analyzed in the
online setting for strongly convex and smooth cost functions. We prove that the
average dynamic regret is bounded and that the convergence rate is linear. The
algorithm is tested on a time-varying classification problem, on a (moving)
target localization problem and in a stochastic optimization setup from image
classification. In these numerical experiments from multi-agent learning,
GTAdam outperforms state-of-the-art distributed optimization methods
ADMM-Tracking Gradient for Distributed Optimization over Asynchronous and Unreliable Networks
In this paper, we propose (i) a novel distributed algorithm for consensus
optimization over networks and (ii) a robust extension tailored to deal with
asynchronous agents and packet losses. The key idea is to achieve dynamic
consensus on (i) the agents' average and (ii) the global descent direction by
iteratively solving an online auxiliary optimization problem through a
distributed implementation of the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers
(ADMM). Such a mechanism is suitably interlaced with a local proportional
action steering each agent estimate to the solution of the original consensus
optimization problem. First, in the case of ideal networks, by using tools from
system theory, we prove the linear convergence of the scheme with strongly
convex costs. Then, by exploiting the averaging theory, we extend such a first
result to prove that the robust extension of our method preserves linear
convergence in the case of asynchronous agents and packet losses. Further, by
using the notion of Input-to-State Stability, we also guarantee the robustness
of the schemes with respect to additional, generic errors affecting the agents'
updates. Finally, some numerical simulations confirm our theoretical findings
and show that the proposed methods outperform the existing state-of-the-art
distributed methods for consensus optimization
Tracking-based distributed equilibrium seeking for aggregative games
We propose fully-distributed algorithms for Nash equilibrium seeking in
aggregative games over networks. We first consider the case where local
constraints are present and we design an algorithm combining, for each agent,
(i) the projected pseudo-gradient descent and (ii) a tracking mechanism to
locally reconstruct the aggregative variable. To handle coupling constraints
arising in generalized settings, we propose another distributed algorithm based
on (i) a recently emerged augmented primal-dual scheme and (ii) two tracking
mechanisms to reconstruct, for each agent, both the aggregative variable and
the coupling constraint satisfaction. Leveraging tools from singular
perturbations analysis, we prove linear convergence to the Nash equilibrium for
both schemes. Finally, we run extensive numerical simulations to confirm the
effectiveness of our methods and compare them with state-of-the-art distributed
equilibrium-seeking algorithms
Morphology and paleobiology of the Late Cretaceous large-sized shark Cretodus crassidens (Dixon, 1850) (Neoselachii; Lamniformes)
The definition of the Cretaceous shark genus Cretodus Sokolov, 1965 is primarily based on isolated teeth. This genus includes five species. Among these, Cretodus houghtonorum Shimada and Everhart, 2019 is the only species based on a partially preserved skeleton. Here, the taxonomic attribution of a virtually complete skeleton of Cretodus from the Turonian of northeastern Italy is discussed, together with a few specimens from the Turonian of England. One of the latter is investigated through micropaleontological analysis to determine its stratigraphic position. The material is referred to Cretodus crassidens (Dixon, 1850), the diagnosis of which is emended herein. The dentition is tentatively reconstructed, exhibiting strong similarities with congeneric species, although it differs in having strong vertical folds on the main cusp labial face, a mesiodistally broad tooth aspect, weak and well-spaced 'costulae' at crown base, and a different dental formula in the number of parasymphyseal and lateral rows. Some tooth malformations are interpreted as feeding-related or senile characters. The Italian specimen suggests that Cretodus crassidens had a wide and laterally expanded mouth and head, a stout body, and attained a gigantic size. Cretodus crassidens was a moderate-speed swimming shark ecologically like the extant tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron and Lesueur in Lesueur, 1822). The age estimate from vertebral-band counting suggests that the Italian individual was at least 23 years old and the growth model indicates a longevity of 64 years and a maximum attainable total length of 9-11 m. Cretodus crassidens occurs both in Boreal and Tethyan domains, implying a broad paleobiogeographic distribution and a preference toward offshore settings
Arranging Small Molecules with Subnanometer Precision on DNA Origami Substrates for the Single‐Molecule Investigation of Protein–Ligand Interactions
DNA origami nanostructures are versatile substrates for the single‐molecule investigation of biomolecular interactions as they enable the display of molecular species in complex arrangements. Herein, the fundamental limitations of this approach are explored by displaying pairs of small‐molecule ligands of the protein trypsin on DNA origami substrates and adjusting their ligand–ligand spacing with subnanometer precision. Bidentate binding of trypsin to the ligand pairs is investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), microscale thermophoresis (MST), and molecular dynamics simulations. Bidentate trypsin binding is strongly affected by the distance of the ligand pairs and the accessibility of the protein's binding pockets. MST cannot resolve the differences in bidentate trypsin binding because of the nonspecific binding of trypsin to the DNA origami substrates, rendering the AFM‐based single‐molecule detection of binding events superior to ensemble measurements. Finally, even monodentate binding to a single ligand may be affected by subnanometer variations in its position, highlighting the importance of local microenvironments that vary even over molecular distances. While this single‐molecule approach can provide viable information on the effects of ligand arrangements on bidentate protein binding, in‐depth investigations into the nature of local microenvironments will be required to exploit its full potential
Oxidative stress and gut-derived lipopolysaccharides in children affected by paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections
BACKGROUND: Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections syndrome (PANDAS) identifies patients with acute onset of obsessive-compulsive and tic disorders. The objective of this study was to evaluate serum NOX2 levels, as well as 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of PANDAS patients. METHODS: In this study we wanted to compare serum levels of soluble NOX2-dp (sNOX-2-dp), iso-PGF2α and LPS in 60 consecutive subjects, including 30 children affected by PANDAS and 30 controls (CT) matched for age and gender. Serum zonulin was used as intestinal permeability assay. RESULTS: Compared with CT, PANDAS children had increased serum levels of sNOX-2-dp, 8-iso-PGF2α and LPS. Bivariate analysis showed that serum sNOX2-dp was significantly correlated with LPS (Rs = 0.359; p = 0.005), zonulin (Rs = 0.444; p < 0.001) and 8-iso-PGF2α (Rs = 0.704; p < 0.001). Serum LPS significantly correlated with zonulin (Rs = 0.610; p < 0.001), and 8-iso-PGF2α (Rs = 0.591; p = 0.001). Finally, a multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum 8-iso-PGF2α and zonulin were the only independent variables associated with sNOX2-dp (R2 = 68%). CONCLUSION: This study shows that children affected by PANDAS have high circulating levels of sNOX2-dp, isoprostanes and of LPS that could be involved in the process of neuroinflammation
Management and treatment of decompensated hepatic fibrosis and severe refractory Schistosoma mansoni ascites with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
This study aimed to report the first case of a patient with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni, refractory ascites and portal vein thrombosis treated with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), at the Instituto de Radiologia, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. After the procedure, the patient recovered favorably and progressed with portal pressure reduction and no deterioration of the liver function. Endovascular shunt modification is a conservative medical approach that often helps in reducing symptoms significantly, making it a less invasive and a safer alternative to liver transplantation for the treatment of schistosomiasis with portal hypertension
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